Innate immune response in Plasmodium coinfection with HBV and HCV using complement C3, C4, and CD4 T cells

Study background
Complement, CD4 T cells, and antibodies are immune materials for protection or are expressed for the detection of pathogens. Complements are activated by the classical or alternative pathway complement to cause cell death.
Aim and objective
This study was designed to evaluate the innate immune response in coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) using complement C3, C4, and CD4 T cells to provide information for useful directions in the management of malaria and hepatitis B and C.
Materials and methods
The participants recruited for this study include controls who were neither infected with nor hepatitis B and C ( = 50) and -infected participants ( = 50) and hepatitis C-infected participants ( = 30) and hepatitis B-infected participants ( = 30) and coinfected with hepatitis B participants ( = 30) and coinfected with hepatitis C participants ( = 30) aged 19–65 years. Complement C3, C4, CD4 T cells HCV and HBV were determined in each of the participant by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Identification of was carried out using the thick and thin film technique using Giemsa and Leishman staining, while test and controls with elevated and normal total bile acids, respectively, were negative to HIV and acid fast bacilli tests were included.
Results
The results obtained in this study showed a significant decrease in plasma complement C3 in patients with monoinfection of , HCV, HBV, and patients coinfected with HCV and HBV compared with the control ( < 0.005). There was also a significant decrease in plasma complement C4 in patients coinfected with HCV and HBV compared with the control ( < 0.005). The results obtained in patients coinfected with HBV and HCV, and HBV patients coinfected with HCV showed a significant decrease in CD4 T cells compared with the results obtained in the control ( < 0.005). There was significantly lower plasma complements C3, C4, and blood CD4 T cells in monoinfected patients than in HBV or HCV monoinfected patients ( < 0.005). There was also a significantly lower plasma complement C4 and CD4 T cells in patients coinfected with HBV or HCV than patients who were monoinfected with HCV and HBV ( < 0.005).
Conclusion
There was significant alterations in the blood complement C3, C4, and CD4 T cells in response to , HBV, HCV mono- and coinfection which was more influenced by infection.